根據(jù)今年備戰(zhàn)托?？绝唫兊囊?小編今天就給大家聊一下托福閱讀解析吧,其實托福閱讀是目前公認的比較難的一項考試部分,因為托福閱讀的字數(shù)和篇目較長,而且他的時間是有限的,這就要求我們在有限的時間里,要創(chuàng)造出更高的效率和準確率。那么我們到底如何快速提高托福閱讀成績呢?這就要求我們在平時一定要做好詞匯積累,遇到不懂的生詞,先不要著急查閱資料,我們可以根據(jù)上下文推出其含義,還有在考前一定要去認真分析往年的真題,今天小編就具體給大家介紹托福tpo57閱讀答案解析的內(nèi)容。

一、托福tpo57閱讀答案解析

Pests and Pesticides

Around 1870, a little fruit-eating insect arrived in San Jose, California, on some nursery stock shipped from Asia. The pest, which became known as the San Jose scale, quickly spread through the United States and Canada, killing orchard trees as it went. Farmers found that the best way to control the scale was to spray their orchards with a mixture of sulfur and lime. Within a few weeks of spraying a tree, the insect vanished completely.

Around the turn of the century, however,farmers began to notice that the sulfur-lime mixture was not working all that well.A handful of scales would survive a spraying and eventually rebound to their former numbers.In Clarkston Valley in Washington State,orchard growers became convinced that manufacturers were adulterating their pesticide. They built their own factory to guarantee a pure poison, which they drenched over their trees, yet the scale kept spreading uncontrollably.An entomologist named A. L. Melander inspected the trees and found scales living happily under a thick crust of dried spray. Melander began to suspect that adulteration was not to blame.In 1912, he compared how effective the sprays were in different parts of Washington.In Yakima and Sunnyside, he found that sulfur-lime could wipe out every last scale on a tree, while in Clarkston between 4 and 13 percent survived. On the other hand, the Clarkston scales were annihilated by a different pesticide made from fuel oil, just as the insects in other parts of Washington were. In other words, the scales of Clarkston had a peculiar resistance to sulfur-lime.

Melander wondered why. He knew that if individuals eat small amounts of certain poisons, such as arsenic, they can build up an immunity. But San Jose scales bred so quickly that no single scale experienced more than a single spray of sulfur-lime, giving them no chance to develop immunity.

A radical idea occurred to Melander. Perhaps mutations made a few scales resistant to sulfur-lime.When farmers sprayed their trees, these resistant scales survived, as did a few nonresistant ones that hadn’t received a fatal dose. The surviving scales would then breed, and the resistant genes would become more common in the following generations. Depending on the proportions of the survivors, the trees might become covered by resistant or nonresistant scales. In the Clarkston Valley region, farmers had been using sulfur-lime longer than anywhere else in the Northwest and were desperately soaking their trees with the stuff. In the process, they were driving the evolution of more resistant scales.

Melander offered his ideas in 1914, but no one paid much attention to him; they were too busy discovering even more powerful pesticides.In 1939 the Swiss chemist Paul Muller found that a compound of chlorine and hydrocarbons called DDT could kill insects more effectively than any previous pesticide had.DDT was cheap and easy to make, it could kill many species of insects,and it was stable enough to be stored for years.It could be used in small doses, and it didn’t seem to pose any health risks to humans. Between 1941 and 1976, 4.5 million tons of DDT were produced DDT was so powerful and cheap that farmers gave up old-fashioned ways of controlling pests, such as draining standing water or breeding resistant strains of crops.

DDT and similar pesticides created the delusion that pests could be not merely controlled but eradicated, so farmers began spraying pesticides on their crops as a matter of course, rather than to control outbreaks. Meanwhile, public health workers saw in DDT the hope of controlling mosquitoes, which spread diseases such as malaria.

二、托福閱讀十大題型介紹

1.托福閱讀的細節(jié)題(Factual Information)

解法:a. 提取題干中關鍵詞定位原文段落中關鍵詞所在的所有句子. 閱讀定位句理解。c. 正確選項是正確定位句的同義轉述或者同義改寫。必須在意思上和語言邏輯結構上完全符合定位句。

細節(jié)的題的錯誤選項主要有以下幾種:a. 該選項的全部或者局部出現(xiàn)了該段落根本就沒有涉及的信息,概念,特有名詞等等。b. 原文定位句沒有出現(xiàn)比較級,最高級一類的語言現(xiàn)象,但是選項中出現(xiàn)了這種無端的比較。c. 選項中出現(xiàn)了定位句范圍以外的信息,盡管這些信息在本段落中的確被完全提及。d. 選項中有某些形容詞或者副詞起到了加重語氣從而使選項的敘述程度甚至方向發(fā)生了改變脫離原文語言風格敘述。

注意:做細節(jié)題必須定位,切忌憑自己閱讀后的總體感覺不定位某句話而做題。

2. 托福閱讀的事實否定題

解法:定位題干關鍵詞回原文。正確選項應具備:a. 原文未提及的. 與原文敘述矛盾的;3. 當選項中同時出現(xiàn)看似未提及和明顯矛盾的選項時,優(yōu)先選擇明顯矛盾的選項。所以,在其他類型題目能作為正確選項的在這種題型中均是錯誤答案。

3. 托福閱讀的推論題(Inference)

解法: 提取題干中的關鍵詞回文定位所有出現(xiàn)關鍵詞的句子,綜合各句提取結論性的信息。該類信息通常不會被原文直接以字面意思表達出來,通常是言外之意。錯誤選項的特征與細節(jié)題的錯誤選項特征基本相同。一般對于推論題來說,更保險的方法是用排除法做題。如果能排除3個錯誤選項,即使正確選項找不到定位點也可以把題目做出來。但是使用排除法前提是必須閱讀理解到足夠多的信息。這對閱讀能力的要求是相對較高的。

4. 托福閱讀的修辭題

解法:關鍵詞回文定位。先閱讀定位詞所在的句子,然后讀其下面的句子。如果發(fā)現(xiàn)后面在敘述中出現(xiàn)了兩個事物,或者多個事物之間的比較,類比關系。則關鍵詞所起的作用就是為了說明這種比較關系。正確答案是這種比較關系的結果,效果或所要說明的問題的現(xiàn)象本質(zhì)。

5. 托福閱讀的指代題(Reference)

解法:a. 把四個選項代入原文閱讀翻譯,翻譯不同的就是錯誤答案。b. 代詞的傳遞規(guī)則&mdashmdash;同一個事物可以在后面的數(shù)句話中用不同代詞或同一個進行同一個概念上的表達--就近原則。

6. 托福閱讀的詞匯題(Vocabulary)

詞匯題沒有固定解法,詞匯題的主旨就是考察應試者的詞匯量。詞匯題近來考察熟詞辟意的趨勢明顯加大,所以大家在背單詞的時候一定要有意識的積累和總結這種熟詞辟意的詞匯,并且要重點記憶這些辟意。

7. 托福閱讀的句子簡化題(Sentence Simplification)

解法:首先看原文標出的句子邏輯結構,并列,因果,讓步轉折,條件狀語等等。正確選項必須符合這種邏輯結果所表達信息的完整性和邏輯性。如果有多個句子同時符合,則將這些選項中的主從句結構分別和原文標出的句子進行比較,不符合的排除。如果此時還有選項不能排除,則再通過閱讀理解句子意思進行最后的選擇。

8. 托福閱讀的插入句子題(Sentence Insertion)

插入句的結構和句前有無指示代詞。如有指示代詞,則上一句話必須有這個代詞所指代的正確對象出現(xiàn)。其次看插入句的結構。能不能承接下文。

9. 托福閱讀的文章總結題(Prose Summary)

解法:閱讀文章每段主題句,比對選項進行選擇。排除明顯的細節(jié)信息選項,然后剩下的就是正確選項。

正確選項特征:a. 正確選項必須與本題的引導句信息相關. 正確選項必須是文章中的重要信息&mdashmdash;通常是段落的主題句改寫;c. 正確選項必須是原文中處于被其他論據(jù)或細節(jié)支持的信息。

錯誤選項特征:a. 原文中的細節(jié)信息一旦出現(xiàn)該選項必錯。b. 出現(xiàn)了原文沒有提及過的信息,該選項必錯。c. 與原文敘述矛盾的選項必錯。

10. 托福閱讀的圖表信息題(Fill In A Table)

解法:分別把選項中的信息定位回原文然后按照原文順序進行分類入選。

錯誤選項特征:1. 原文中的細節(jié)信息一旦出現(xiàn)該選項必錯。2. 出現(xiàn)了原文沒有提及過的信息,該選項必錯。3. 與原文敘述矛盾的選項必錯。

三、托福閱讀評分標準

托福閱讀部分,總共有3篇文章,如遇到加試,則隨機3篇文章算分,另1篇文章不算分,每篇文章700個字,對應14道題目。

其中,13道題是基礎信息和推斷題,每道題1分。

最后一道題是小結題,俗稱大題,滿分2分。

大題一般情況下是6選3,3個選項錯一個扣一分,扣完為止,即在答題中錯2或3個選項,這個題目不得分。因此,每篇文章對應14個題目,共15分。閱讀部分整體42道題,對應原始分數(shù)滿分45分。

比如,某位學生閱讀部分,錯了5道小題,3道大題各錯一個選項,因此扣去的分數(shù)就應該為5+1+1+1=8分,因此原始分數(shù)就是37分,最終得分為27分。另一位學生,錯了12道小題,3道大題中,1道大題選錯2個選項,另外兩道大題各選錯一個,則扣分為12+2+1+1=16分,原始分數(shù)為29分,最終分數(shù)對應為20分。

在此分數(shù)對應表格中,需要特別注意的是25分和20分的最終分數(shù)。如果得到25分以上,那就等于總分有可能上100分,而100分是申請美國名校的比較有競爭力的分數(shù)。如果得到20分以上,那就意味著總分有可能到80分以上,這個分數(shù)是申請美國前100名學校時比較基本的分數(shù)。

大家還需要注意的是0分的最終分數(shù),對應的9分以下的原始分數(shù)。在傳統(tǒng)考試中,如果不看題目,直接“蒙”,可能會得到一定的分數(shù)。而在托福閱讀中,如果用“蒙”的方法,可能會得到9分的原始分數(shù),但最終分數(shù)就是0分。

四、如何提升托福口語成績

備考托?？谡Z需要堅持和努力,我們得練好口語,所以找到一個專業(yè)的外教進行練習還是很有必要的。分享一下小編在用的app:學校百科,可以隨時和世界各地的Native Speaker進行一對一的口語對練,里面有很多專業(yè)的雅思外教可以選擇,而且還有前雅思高級考官,強烈建議考試前跟雅思考官模擬測試一下。這個軟件用起來就跟打微信語音/視頻電話一樣,質(zhì)量很清晰。這個是最讓小編感到意外且性價比超級高的一個APP了。小編長期練習的一個外教陪練是英國的Leila,她不僅口音純正,而且人超級nice,她本人還是一個攝影師,小編也經(jīng)常跟她交流攝影方面的技巧。

不過大家在跟外國人練習托福口語的時候,小編有2個建議:1是提前準備一個話題,帶著話題去跟他們練習能讓你學到很多地道的表達;2.是不一定非要選擇歐美的老外,像有些南非、菲律賓的也很專業(yè),練習口語也不錯。

以上的文章內(nèi)容托福tpo57閱讀答案解析 托福閱讀十大題型介紹就是小編最近整理出來的，大家可以互相討論吐槽發(fā)表自己的觀點哦~！查看更多托福相關文章請訪問學校百科網(wǎng)